Andrew S. Erickson

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CHINESE NAVAL SHIPBUILDING

An Ambitious and Uncertain Course

Edited by Andrew S. Erickson

China’s shipbuilding industry has grown more rapidly than any other in modern history. Commercial shipbuilding output jumped thirteen-fold from 2002–12, ensuring that Beijing has largely reached its goal of becoming the world’s leading shipbuilder. Yet progress is uneven, with military shipbuilding leading overall but with significant weakness in propulsion and electronics for military and civilian applications. It has never been more important to assess what ships China can supply its navy and other maritime forces with, today and in the future. Chinese Naval Shipbuilding answers three pressing questions: What are China’s prospects for success in key areas of naval shipbuilding? What are the likely results for China’s navy? What are the implications for the U.S. Navy?

To address these critical issues, this volume assembles some of the world’s leading experts and linguistic analysts, often pairing them in research teams. These sailors, scholars, industry professionals, and government specialists have commanded ships at sea, led shipbuilding programs ashore, toured Chinese vessels and production facilities, invested in Chinese shipyards, and analyzed and presented important data to top-level decision-makers in times of crisis. In synthesizing their collective insights, this book fills a key gap in our understanding of China, its shipbuilding industry, its navy, and what it all means.

ANDREW S. ERICKSON is a professor of strategy at the Naval War College and an associate in research at Harvard’s Fairbank Center. In 2013, he deployed as a Regional Security Education Program scholar aboard the USS Nimitz Carrier Strike Group. Erickson runs the research websites www. andrewerickson.com and www.chinasignpost.com.

 

 COMPLETE INFORMATION ON VOLUME:

Andrew S. Erickson, ed., Chinese Naval Shipbuilding: An Ambitious and Uncertain Course (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2016).

Eventually, as with the previous five volumes in our “Studies in Chinese Maritime Development” series, there will be an Amazon Kindle edition; and an authorized Chinese-language translation through Ocean Press, China’s leading maritime publisher!

Author, “China’s Military Shipbuilding Industry Steams Ahead, On What Course?” 1-16.

Coauthor, “Underpowered: Chinese Conventional and Nuclear Naval Power and Propulsion,” 238-48.

ISBN-10: 1682470814

ISBN-13: 978-1682470817

Hardcover: 376 pages

Series: Studies in Chinese Maritime Development

 

BOOK DESCRIPTION

One of this century’s most significant events, China’s maritime transformation is already making waves. Yet China’s course and its implications, including at sea, remain highly uncertain―triggering intense speculation and concern from many quarters and in many directions. It has never been more important to assess what ships China can supply its navy and other maritime forces with, today and in the future. China’s shipbuilding industry has grown more rapidly than any other in modern history. Commercial shipbuilding output jumped thirteen-fold from 2002-12. Beijing has largely met its goal of becoming the world’s largest shipbuilder by 2015. Yet progress is uneven, with military shipbuilding leading overall but with significant weakness in propulsion and electronics for military and civilian applications alike. Moreover, no other book has answered three pressing questions: What are China’s prospects for success in key areas of naval shipbuilding? What are the likely results for China’s navy? What are the implications for the U.S. Navy?

To address these critical, complex issues, this volume brings together some of the world’s leading experts and linguistic analysts, often pairing them in research teams. These sailors, scholars, analysts, industry experts, and other professionals have commanded ships at sea, led shipbuilding programs ashore, toured Chinese vessels and production facilities, invested in Chinese shipyards and advised others in their investment, and analyzed and presented important data to top-level decision-makers in times of crisis. In synthesizing their collective insights, the book fills a key gap in our understanding of China, its shipbuilding, its navy, and what it all means.

Their findings will fascinate and concern you. While offering different perspectives, they largely agree on several important points. Through a process of “imitative innovation,” China has been able to “leap frog” some naval development, engineering, and production steps and achieve tremendous cost and time savings by leveraging work done by the U.S. and other countries. China’s shipbuilding industry is poised to make the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) the second largest navy in the world by 2020, and―if current trends continue―a combat fleet that in overall order of battle (i.e., hardware-specific terms) is quantitatively and even perhaps qualitatively on a par with that of the U.S. Navy by 2030. Already, Chinese ship-design and -building advances are increasing the PLAN’s ability to contest sea control in a widening arc of the Western Pacific.

China continues to lack transparency in important respects, but much is knowable through the interdisciplinary research approach pioneered by the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute in the series “Studies in Chinese Maritime Development,” of which this is the sixth volume.

 

BLURBS

“A nation’s shipbuilding capabilities and capacities can promote or constrain its strategy and ambitions at sea. Mahan knew this, and so do the Chinese. This new volume from CMSI is a great source of insights on China’s shipbuilding industrial base and the means that will be at Beijing’s disposal in the future. I would recommend it to anyone who wants to better understand the competition for maritime superiority that is looming before us.”

—Congressman J. Randy Forbes, Chairman, House Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee

“A good book on a very important set of questions. Now and in the future we need to know as much as we can about the capabilities and practices of the organizations that design, build, and maintain the ships of China’s navy and its auxiliaries.”

—Andrew W. Marshall, former Director, Office of Net Assessment, Pentagon

“Does China have the means to become a leading global naval power? In the coming decades, can China’s design bureaus, shipyards, and supporting industries build the fleet it will need to fulfill this lofty ambition? This thorough, well-researched, and original volume provides answers to these vitally important questions. Essential reading for analysts, policymakers, naval officers, and American citizens concerned with their country’s future as the world’s preponderant sea power.”

—Aaron L. Friedberg, Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton University

“To understand China’s naval future, we must understand what its shipbuilding industry can provide. This path-breaking volume points the way.”

—Evan S. Medeiros, former Senior Director for Asian Affairs, U.S. National Security Council

“China’s intention to become a major maritime power in the coming decades is well known, but much less appreciated are the means by which it will attain that status. Andrew Erickson’s Chinese Naval Shipbuilding: An Ambitious and Uncertain Course thoughtfully, clearly, and factually presents the many facets of China’s commercial and naval shipbuilding ambition and the sobering scope of that national enterprise. To project China’s direction and pace in maritime and global affairs and their impact on U.S. maritime power without absorbing the insights of this book’s extraordinary contributors would be a huge mistake and a sure way to get the future wrong. A must at the top of every national security reading list.”

—Admiral Gary Roughead, USN (Ret.), 29^th Chief of Naval Operations

“The contributors to this volume shed new light on an important but under-studied topic: the industrial sinews of China’s naval modernization and expansion. It deserves to be studied by scholars and policy makers alike.”

—Thomas G. Mahnken, President and CEO, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments

CONTENTS OF VOLUME

List of Exhibits

Acknowledgments

Introduction. China’s Military Shipbuilding Industry Steams Ahead, On What Course?

Andrew S. Erickson

Part I. FOUNDATION AND RESOURCES

Warfare Drivers: Mission Needs and the Impact on Ship Design

Christopher P. Carlson and Jack Bianchi

Status, Goals, Prospects: Party-State Strategic Requirements for China’s Shipbuilding Industry

Morgan Clemens and Ian Easton

Resources for China’s State Shipbuilders: Now Including Global Capital Markets

Gabe Collins and Eric Anderson

Part II. SHIPYARD INFRASTRUCTURE

Key Factors in Chinese Shipyards’ Development and Performance: Commercial-Military Synergy and Divergence

Sue Hall and Audrye Wong

China’s Naval Strength: Current and Future

Alex Pape and Tate Nurkin

Monitoring Chinese Shipbuilding Facilities with Satellite Imagery

Sean O’Connor and Jordan Wilson

Civil-Military Integration Potential in Chinese Shipbuilding

Daniel Alderman and Rush Doshi

Part III. NAVAL ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

PLAN Warship Construction and Standardization

Mark Metcalf

China’s Military Shipbuilding Research, Development, and Acquisition System

Kevin Pollpeter and Mark Stokes

China’s Civilian Shipbuilding in Competitive Context: An Asian Industrial Perspective

Julian Snelder

Part IV. REMAINING SHIPBUILDING CHALLENGES

PLA Shipboard Electronics: Impeding China’s Naval Modernization

Leigh Ann Ragland-Luce and John Costello

Underpowered: Chinese Conventional and Nuclear Naval Power and Propulsion

Andrew S. Erickson, Jonathan Ray, and Robert T. Forte

China’s Aircraft Carrier Program: Drivers, Developments, Implications

Andrew Scobell, Michael E. McMahon, Cortez A. Cooper III, and Arthur Chan

Part V. CONCLUSIONS AND ALTERNATIVE FUTURES

Maximal Scenario: Expansive Naval Trajectory to “China’s Naval Dream”

James E. Fanell and Scott Cheney-Peters

Medium Scenario: World’s Second “Far Seas” Navy by 2020

Michael McDevitt

Technological “Wild Cards” and Twenty-First-Century Naval Warfare

Paul Scharre and Tyler Jost

How China’s Shipbuilding Output Might Affect Requirements for U.S. Navy Capabilities

Ronald O’Rourke

List of Acronyms

About the Contributors

Index

 

ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS

Daniel Alderman, a deputy director at Defense Group, Inc. (DGI), is Chinese language–proficient and oversees analytic production at DGI’s Center for Intelligence Research and Analysis.

Eric Anderson, a Chinese-proficient research analyst, leads Sino-American sectoral innovation analysis at the University of California (UC), San Diego’s Study of Innovation and Technology in China (SITC) project.

Jack Bianchi, a research associate at DGI, employs Chinese-language sources to analyze China’s defense-related science and technology development.

Capt. Christopher P. Carlson, USNR (Ret.), a submariner and intelligence officer, designs war games and has published a wide range of arti­cles and books.

Arthur Chan, a research associate at RAND, is proficient in Chinese.

Scott Cheney-Peters, a civil servant at the State Department and a Reserve surface warfare officer, is founder and president of the Center for International Maritime Security.

Morgan Clemens, a research analyst at DGI, studies China’s armed forces and defense industry using Chinese-language sources.

Gabe Collins, a licensed Texas attorney, conducts security, commodity, and market research in Chinese, Russian, and Spanish.

Lt. Col. Cortez A. Cooper III, USA (Ret.), is a Chinese language– proficient senior policy analyst at RAND and affiliate faculty member of Pardee RAND Graduate School.

John Costello, a Chinese language–proficient U.S. Navy veteran with intelligence analysis and program management experience, is a research analyst at DGI.

Rush Doshi, a Raymond Vernon fellow in Harvard University’s Ph.D. program in government, conducts research in Mandarin and Hindi.

Ian Easton, a research fellow at the Project 2049 Institute, uses Chinese-language sources to analyze emerging Asian security issues.

Capt. James E. Fanell, USN (Ret.), a naval intelligence officer special­izing in Indo-Asia-Pacific security affairs for nearly three decades, runs the leading English-language listserv on Chinese military issues.

Lt. Col. Robert T. Forte, USMC (Ret.), formerly U.S. naval attaché at U.S. Embassy Beijing, is a senior research analyst with DGI.

Sue Hall is managing director of Shipyard Economics, a firm providing spe­cialist consulting services in the shipbuilding, ship repair, and shipyard indus­tries worldwide.

Tyler Jost, a Chinese language–proficient former Army intelligence officer, is a Ph.D. student in Harvard University’s Government program.

Rear Adm. Michael McDevitt, USN (Ret.), an analyst of China’s maritime developments, formerly carrier battle group commander and com­mandant of the National War College, is presently a senior fellow at the CNA Corporation.

Rear Adm. Michael E. McMahon, USN (Ret.), a senior research associate at RAND with a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering, served as the U.S. Navy’s fifth program executive officer for aircraft carriers.

Cdr. Mark Metcalf, USN (Ret.), a surface warfare officer and naval cryptologist, provides systems engineering and Chinese-language research, translation, and technical analysis support to government clients.

Tate Nurkin is senior director of the Strategic Assessments and Futures Studies Center for IHS Aerospace, Defense, and Security.

Sean O’Connor is the principal imagery analyst at IHS Jane’s.

Ronald O’Rourke, a naval analyst for the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, issues constantly updated reports on China’s navy.

Alex Pape is a principal analyst with IHS Jane’s DS Forecast and Defence Procurement, which provide real-time coverage of procurement and upgrade programs worldwide.

Kevin Pollpeter, a Chinese language–proficient senior research scientist at CNA, has also served as deputy director of technically focused research programs at both UC San Diego and DGI.

Leigh Ann Ragland-Luce, a research analyst at DGI, conducts Chinese-language research on China’s defense electronics and information technology sectors.

Jonathan Ray, a DGI research associate, conducts Chinese-language stud­ies of national security, science, and technology issues.

Paul Scharre, a former infantryman in the Army’s 75th Ranger Regiment with multiple tours in Iraq and Afghanistan, is a senior fellow and director of the 20YY Future of Warfare Initiative at the Center for a New American Security.

Andrew Scobell, proficient in Chinese, is a senior political scientist at RAND and adjunct professor of Asian studies at Georgetown’s School of Foreign Service.

Julian Snelder, a partner in a global investments fund, has conducted investment research from Asia for nearly a quarter-century.

Lt. Col. Mark Stokes, USAF (Ret.), the Chinese-proficient executive director of the Project 2049 Institute, formerly served as assistant air attaché at U.S. Embassy Beijing.

Audrye Wong, fluent in Chinese, is a Ph.D. student in Security Studies at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs.

Jordan Wilson is a policy analyst at the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, where he conducts Chinese-language research.

ABOUT THE EDITOR

Andrew S. Erickson, a U.S. Naval War College Professor of Strategy and associate-in-research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies who is proficient in Chinese, blogs at www.andrewerickson.com.

 

LIST OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit 0-1. Significant Chinese Naval Shipyards

Exhibit 0-2. China’s Primary Order of Battle (Major Combatants), 1985–2030

Exhibit 1-1. Evolution of China’s Naval Strategy—Impact on PLAN Warfare Area Capabilities

Exhibit 4-1. Shipbuilding Production Trends Since 1990 (in millions of compensated gross tons)

Exhibit 4-2. Historical Shipbuilding Production (in millions of gross tons)

Exhibit 4-3. Trends in Production, Ordering, and Forward Orderbook for World Shipbuilding (in millions of compensated gross tons)

Exhibit 4-4. World Historical Production and Orderbook Phasing (in millions of compensated gross tons)

Exhibit 4-5. China Historical Production and Orderbook Phasing

Exhibit 4-6. Top 20 Chinese Shipbuilders from China’s Shipyards Report 2003

Exhibit 4-7. Top 20 Chinese Shipbuilders, 2012

Exhibit 4-8. Shipbuilding Throughput Comparison of Major Shipbuilders

Exhibit 4-9. Shipbuilding Throughput Changes for Chinese Shipbuilders

Exhibit 4-10. New Ship Price Volatility

Exhibit 4-11. Complexity Ranking of Ships According to Average Compensated Gross Ton (CGT) Coefficient

Exhibit 4-12. Composition of Chinese Shipbuilding Production by Size and Complexity

Exhibit 5-1. Estimated Chinese Investment in Naval Ship Construction by Type, 2010–24

Exhibit 5-2. Bohai (Huludao) Shipyard Military Output, 2006–30

Exhibit 5-3. Wuchang (Wuhan) Shipyard Military Output, 2006–30

Exhibit 5-4. Jiangnan (Shanghai) Shipyard Military Output, 2006–30

Exhibit 5-5. Hudong (Shanghai) Shipyard Military Output, 2006–30

Exhibit 5-6. Huangpu Shipyard Military Output, 2006–30

Exhibit 6-1. Configuration and Growth of China’s Huludao Shipyard

Exhibit 7-1. China’s White-Listed Shipyards

Exhibit 8-1. Types of GJBs (Guojia Junyong Biaozhun, PRC National Military Standards)

Exhibit 8-2. Electromagnetic Compatibility—GJBs and MIL-STDs

Exhibit 8-3. GJB 4000-2000 Subject Areas

Exhibit 9-1. China’s IDAR Technology Innovation Process

Exhibit 9-2. First Five Stages in Military Shipbuilding Research and Development Process

Exhibit 9-3. Primary Organizations Involved in China’s Military Shipbuilding

Exhibit 10-1. Experts’ Assessment of China Capability Gap versus Class Leader

Exhibit 11-1. Key Shipbuilding Organizations Specializing in Shipboard Electronics

Exhibit 14-1. PLAN—Platform Inventory in 2015

Exhibit 14-2. PLAN 2030—Forecast Platform Inventory

Exhibit 15-1. Far Seas Navies’ Major Ships, circa 2020

Exhibit 15-2. Major Far Seas Ships, PLAN vs. U.S. Navy, circa 2020

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

On behalf of the China Maritime Studies Institute (CMSI), the editor thanks the Naval War College (NWC) Foundation for its important contribu­tions in support of CMSI’s 2015 annual conference and this resulting volume. The foundation’s generosity has long played a crucial role in ensuring that such events and the publications that flow from them are of the highest caliber, and this past year has offered a particularly important example of that invaluable partnership.

As with all CMSI events and conference volumes, countless individuals have made vital contributions. While it is not possible to list them individu­ally, the editor extends his sincere gratitude to all concerned. The support of the leadership of NWC, and of the U.S. Navy more broadly, has been crucial to our efforts. Finally, the Naval Institute Press is to be commended for its profession­alism and dedication to the Studies in Chinese Maritime Development series in which this sixth volume appears. That series is the product of nearly a decade of constructive collaboration between two vital historic centers of American thinking on sea power: Annapolis and Newport.

Andrew Sven Erickson

Newport, Rhode Island

December 2016

 

INTRODUCTION TO “STUDIES IN CHINESE MARITIME DEVELOPMENT” SERIES

Andrew S. Erickson, editor

Powered by the world’s second largest economy and defense budget, China is going to sea with a scale and sophistication that no continental power ever before sustained in the modern era. Its three sea forces are all leaders in their own right: the world’s second-largest blue water navy, the world’s largest blue water coast guard, and the world’s largest (and virtually only) maritime militia.

While paramount leader Xi Jinping is working to transform his nation further into a “great maritime power,” at a minimum today’s Middle Kingdom is already a hybrid land-sea power. Amid European decline and American fiscal and strate­gic challenges, this historic transformation has the potential to end six centuries of largely Western dominance of the world’s oceans. To properly inform its strategy and policy, the U.S. Navy and nation must understand this momentous sea change.

Since its establishment in 2006 the China Maritime Studies Institute has been conducting research and holding conferences covering the broad waterfront of Chinese oceanic efforts in order to advise U.S. Navy leadership and support the Naval War College in its core mission area of helping to define the future Navy. The Studies in Chinese Maritime Development series assembles the resulting pro­ceedings into edited volumes focusing on specific topics of importance to further understand the dynamics of these changes.

 

RELATED READING

Editor’s personal summary of the key findings from the conference on which this further-developed and just-updated volume is based:

Andrew S. Erickson, “Steaming Ahead, Course Uncertain: China’s Military Shipbuilding Industry,” The National Interest, 19 May 2016.

“In recent years, China’s navy has been launching new ships like dumping dumplings [into soup broth].” This phrase has circulated widely via Chinese media sources and websites. Accompanying it are ever-more-impressive analyses and photographs, most recently of China’s first indigenous aircraft carrier, now under construction in Dalian. The driving force behind all this, China’s shipbuilding industry, has grown more rapidly than any other in modern history.

One of this century’s most significant events, China’s maritime transformation is already making waves. Still, however, China’s course and its implications—including at sea—remain highly uncertain, triggering intense speculation and concern from many quarters and in many directions. Beijing has largely met its goal of becoming the world’s largest shipbuilder. Yet progress remains uneven, with military shipbuilding leading overall but with significant weakness in propulsion and electronics for military and civilian applications alike. It has thus never been more important to assess what quality and quantity of ships is China able to supply its navy and other maritime forces with, today and in the future. Somewhat surprisingly, however, there has been insufficient attention to this topic, particularly from a U.S. Navy (USN) perspective.

To bridge that gap, a diverse group of some of the world’s leading sailors, scholars, analysts, industry experts, and other professionals convened at the Naval War College (NWC) on 19-20 May 2015 for a two-day conference on “China’s Naval Shipbuilding: Progress and Challenges.” Hosted by NWC’s China Maritime Studies Institute (CMSI), it was cosponsored with the U.S. Naval Institute (USNI), which will publish the resulting edited volume early next year.

CMSI was formally established on 1 October 2006. Its research and analysis of China’s maritime capabilities helps to inform USN leadership and supports NWC in its core mission area of helping to define the future Navy. The annual CMSI conference is a principal function of the Institute, supporting focused examination of the full range of Chinese maritime developments.

This conference, the tenth in a series, focused on a topic of great interest to USN leaders: China’s naval shipbuilding industry. “Shipbuilding” includes construction of new vessels, the repair and modification of existing ones, and the production and repair of shipboard and associated equipment. Paper presenters, discussants, and other attendees analyzed China’s shipbuilding capacity in order to deepen understanding of the relative trajectories of Chinese and American naval shipbuilding and possible corresponding challenges and responses for the USN. The overarching questions, of paramount importance to USN and other observers, included:

– What are China’s prospects for success in key areas of naval shipbuilding?

– What are the likely results for China’s navy?

– What are the implications for the USN?

As the self-designated target year for China to become the world’s largest shipbuilder, 2015 was a particularly appropriate time for the conference. In some respects, China has already accomplished its goal, yet major problems and uncertainties remain as we look forward over the next fifteen years through 2030—the rough timeframe for this conference’s analysis.

This is an exciting time to observe the fruits of Chinese naval shipbuilding, and perhaps a significant inflection point. As part of its unprecedented maritime emphasis overall, China’s 2015 Defense White Paper states: “the traditional mentality that land outweighs sea must be abandoned… great importance has to be attached to managing the seas and oceans and protecting maritime rights and interests.” The U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI)’s 2015 report concludes: “China is only in the middle of its military modernization, with continued improvements planned over the following decades. As we view the past 20 years of [People’s Liberation Army Navy/PLAN] modernization, the results have been impressive, but at its core the force has remained essentially the same—a force built around destroyers, frigates and conventional submarines. As we look ahead to the coming decade, the introduction of aircraft carriers, ballistic missile submarines, and potentially a large-deck amphibious ship will fundamentally alter how the PLA(N) operates and is viewed by the world.”

Over one hundred and fifty attendees participated in CMSI’s conference. They hailed from such institutions as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, Johns Hopkins, University of California, and Virginia Tech; together with such organizations as the Congressional Research Service, RAND Corporation, National Bureau of Asian Research, IHS Jane’s, China SignPost, and commercial enterprises and consultancies; as well as such USN entities as the Office of Naval Research, the staff of the Chief of Naval Operations, and the Pacific Command and Pacific Fleet. There were also distinguished attendees from the navies and governments of such important U.S. allies as Japan, South Korea, Canada, the United Kingdom, and France.

The conference thus focused some of the world’s leading experts and analysts on one of the most important global dynamics today. China continues to lack transparency in important respects, but much is knowable through CMSI’s well-established investigative approach. Particularly given the complex, interdisciplinary nature of the subject at hand, in arranging the development of conference papers and presentations, special effort was made to pair technical and industry specialists with Chinese-language-capable subject matter experts. Presenters have commanded ships at sea, led shipbuilding programs ashore, toured Chinese vessels and production facilities, invested in Chinese shipyards and advised others in their investment, and produced and presented important assessments to top-level decision-makers during critical events. Synthesizing their collective insights, together with those of the other conference participants, can help to fill a key gap in our understanding of China, its shipbuilding, its navy, and what it all means. As with all CMSI conferences, all views expressed by the contributors are theirs alone. … …

 

“STUDIES IN CHINESE MARITIME DEVELOPMENT” BOOK SERIES

Powered by the world’s second largest economy and defense budget, China is going to sea with a scale and sophistication that no continental power ever before sustained in the modern era. Its three sea forces are all leaders in their own right: the world’s second-largest blue water navy, the world’s largest blue water coast guard, and the world’s largest (and virtually only) maritime militia.

While paramount leader Xi Jinping is working to transform his nation further into a “great maritime power,” at a minimum today’s Middle Kingdom is already a hybrid land-sea power. Amid European decline and American fiscal and strate­gic challenges, this historic transformation has the potential to end six centuries of largely Western dominance of the world’s oceans. To properly inform its strategy and policy, the U.S. Navy and nation must understand this momentous sea change.

Since its establishment in 2006 the China Maritime Studies Institute has been conducting research and holding conferences covering the broad waterfront of Chinese oceanic efforts in order to advise U.S. Navy leadership and support the Naval War College in its core mission area of helping to define the future Navy. The Studies in Chinese Maritime Development series assembles the resulting pro­ceedings into edited volumes focusing on specific topics of importance to further understand the dynamics of these changes.

 

Previous Titles in the Series

China’s Future Nuclear Submarine Force

China’s Energy Strategy: The Impact on Beijing’s Maritime Policies

China Goes to Sea: Maritime Transformation in Comparative Historical Perspective

China, the United States and 21st-Century Sea Power: Defining a Maritime Security Partnership

Chinese Aerospace Power: Evolving Maritime Roles