05 December 2015

Academy of Military Science Researchers: “Why We Had to Develop the Dongfeng-26 Ballistic Missile”—Bilingual Text, Analysis & Related Links

China Youth Daily occasionally has in-depth articles not available elsewhere that detail otherwise-obscure aspects of Chinese development of major weapons systems. On pp. 32-33 of my book on China’s anti-ship ballistic missile (ASBM) development, for instance, I quote extensively from a fascinating article, published on China Youth Daily’s online portal in 2006 and subsequently removed, asserting that in the late 1990s Dr. Xin Wanqing at China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) “completed proof of concept work on anti-aircraft carrier ballistic missiles.” Starting in 1996, the article stated, Xin “proposed and demonstrated the missile weapon system’s multidisciplinary optimization and demonstration and verification technology. In 2000, he received the support of the state and became the person in charge of technology, taking responsibility for the planning and implementation of overall optimization and of the demonstration and verification laboratory.” Xin subsequently played a major role in ASBM development, the article related, winning many high-level awards in the process.

Now China Youth Daily has published an article by two researchers at the PLA’s leading academic research organ, the Academy of Military Science (AMS). It represents the most authoritative, comprehensive public analysis to date on China’s long-range DF-26 intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM). I’ve appended a rough bilingual translation below (not performed by me), and welcome any suggestions for improvement.

Already anticipated publicly by the U.S. Department of Defense in 2010 and forecast without a specific name in a Global Times article (as documented in full below), the DF-26 was displayed publicly for the first time in Beijing’s 3 September 2015 military parade. This official rollout implies that it is already operational in PLA service. At the parade, the DF-26 as was described as a new missile with nuclear, conventional, and anti-ship variants. This makes it China’s first missile capable of striking Guam with a conventional warhead from a homeland-based launcher. In the arguably Strangelovian logic of deterrence, a non-nuclear payload is seen as more “usable,” rendering deterrence more “credible.”

Official commentary states that the DF-26 is “capable of nuclear and conventional strike” (核常兼备). This dual-payload term is particularly interesting, and the Janus-faced concept has clearly been contemplated by Chinese strategists and technicians alike for some time. In September 2006, in Xiamen, China, at the “10th Program for Science and National Security Studies Beijing Seminar on International Security” conference, I remember an unattributed paper on “核常兼备” appearing mysteriously on the publications table. That conference was co-sponsored by the Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics (IAPCM), a reclusive organization closely affiliated with China’s nuclear-weapons industry.

Official commentary elaborated that the DF-26 is “capable of targeting large- and medium-sized targets on water” (打击大中型水面目标). This “Guam Killer” missile is credited with 3,000-4,000-km (1,800-2,500 mile) range, sufficient to strike U.S. bases on Guam. The set of sixteen DF-26 missiles was further described as the “Conventional-/Nuclear-capable formation. The DF-26 can perform medium-to-long-range precision attack on both land and large-to-medium-sized maritime targets. A new weapon for strategic deterrence” (核常兼备导弹方队, 东26能对陆上重要目标和海上大中型舰船实施中远程精确打击, 是我军战略威慑力量体系中的新型武器).

All the more reason you should read the article below in full:

王长勤 方光明 [Wang Changqin and Fang Guangming], 军事科学院 [Academy of Military Science], “我们为什么要发展东风-26弹道导弹[Why We Had to Develop the Dongfeng-26 Ballistic Missile], 中国青年报 [China Youth Daily], 30 November 2015, 9.

“9·3”阅兵式上,东风-26弹道导弹首次亮相。当日,中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年纪念大会在北京举行。

[Photo caption]

在“9·3”阅兵中亮相的东风-26弹道导弹,出乎中外媒体预料。不少相关人士追问:在已经研制成功被称为“反航母利器”的东风-21D之后,中国又接着发展东风-26是为啥?

The debut of the Dongfeng-26 ballistic missile in the 3 September parade exceeded the expectations of Chinese and foreign media. Quite a few concerned figures followed up with the question, having already successfully researched and developed the Dongfeng-21D, which has been dubbed the “carrier killer,” why did China go on to develop the Dongfeng-26?

核常一体,机动发射

Nuclear and Conventional All-In-One, Mobile Launch

与东风-21D相比,东风-26的鲜明特点是核常一体,即同一个弹体,既可携带核弹头对敌实施核反击,也可携带常规弹头对敌实施常规火力突击。这种以“不换弹体换弹头”,实现核常快速转换的方式,对于奉行积极防御国防政策,坚持不首先使用核武器、不对无核国家使用核武器“两不”核政策,拥有用以自卫反击、数量不多的核武器,但又面临多种安全威胁的我国而言,极具战略意义。

In contrast with the DF-21D is the DF-26’s distinct characteristic of being nuclear and conventional all in one; that is, the one missile body can carry a nuclear warhead [singular or plural not indicated] for a nuclear strike against the enemy, or it can carry a conventional warhead [singular or plural not indicated] for a conventional firepower attack against the enemy. That “change the warhead, not the missile” feature provides a rapid switch between nuclear and conventional. For China that is of great strategic importance, because our country follows an active defense policy, its policy is no first use of nuclear weapons and no use of nuclear weapons against a non-nuclear country, it possesses nuclear weapons in no great numbers and for the purpose of self-defensive counterattack, and yet China faces all sorts of security threats.

首先,在我核武数量有限的情况下,它作为中程弹道导弹,通过临战临机换装核弹头,可适需形成远程与中程、战略与战役相衔接的核威慑、核反击能力。

First of all, given that China has only a limited number of nuclear weapons, and as a medium range ballistic missile, by changing to a nuclear warhead at the last minute it [the DF-26] can as needed form up a nuclear deterrent and nuclear counterattack capability linking long and short ranges and strategic and campaign roles.

其次,在我坚持和平发展、不与强敌劲敌搞军备竞赛的情况下,它作为常规弹道导弹,可通过无依托机动发射,在内陆较大地域范围内对进犯之敌的陆上固定目标和海上移动目标实施常规火力突击,可进一步提升陆、海、空联合火力打击能力。特别是可与靠前部署的水面水下攻击力量和舰载、岸基、空战力量一道,对敌大型水面舰船实施远、中、近一体打击和陆、海、空一体打击。

Second, given that China follows a path of peaceful development and does not engage in an arms race with powerful enemies, as a conventional ballistic missile, it [the DF-26] can be launched on the move with no support in conventional firepower attacks from within a large scope of the interior of the country against an invading enemy’s fixed targets on land and moving targets at sea. Thus it further upgrades joint land, sea, and air firepower attack capability. In particular, it can, along with forward deployed surface and underwater attack forces and ship-borne, shore-based, and air war forces, execute long, medium, and short-range integrated attacks against large vessels at sea, and integrated, land, sea, and air attacks.

相较于井式发射和阵地发射的弹道导弹,东风-26的另一鲜明特点是无依托机动发射。过去的陆基机动发射,无论是铁路机动还是公路机动,都要预设发射阵地。虽然战前、战中可实施大区域机动,但机动目的地都是预设的发射阵地。由于预设发射阵地数量受限,容易暴露,一旦被毁,就会造成“有弹无阵地”而难以发射的被动局面。且这类导弹在预设阵地的展开和准备用时较长,对于打击“作战链”运行节奏快、机动性强的进犯之敌不是很有利。

Compared with silo launched and site launched ballistic missiles, another distinct characteristic of the DF-26 is that it can be launched on the move with no support. Land-based mobile launches in the past, whether with movement by rail or by road, all required a launch site prepared in advance. Although movement over a large area could be accomplished before or during a war, the destination of the move was always a prepared launch site. Because prepared launch sites are limited in number and easily exposed, destruction of a launch site could result in the bad situation of having missiles but not being able to launch them. Also, that sort of missile requires quite a lot of time to set up and get ready in a prepared launch site, which puts it at a great disadvantage against an encroaching enemy with strong mobility and a fast tempo of operation in its “combat chain.”

而东风-26的无依托机动发射,既有高度机动性,又对发射阵地没有严格要求,既有利于导弹力量隐蔽机动、全域机动,又有利于作战单元快速展开、快速发射、快速转移,使导弹力量的生存能力和打击能力得到同步提高。尤其是对水面舰船这类时敏目标,一旦捕捉其机动信息即可临机打击,使其“避而不及”。

But the DF-26 does not rely on a site for mobile launching. It can move fast, and it has no strict demands for where it is launched. So that is helpful to movement of missile forces all over and in concealment, and it is helpful to the rapid deployment, rapid launch, and rapid displacement of combat elements. That means a boost to the missile force’s survivability and to its attack ability. Against time-sensitive targets such as surface ships in particular, it [the DF-26] can attack at the last minute as soon as information on a ship’s movement is acquired, meaning the ship cannot get away.

以快制慢,是现代一体化联合作战基本制胜机理之一。东风-26所具有的快速核常转换、快速公路机动、快速发射准备、快速转移脱离等诸多“快字当先”性能,适应的正是这一机理。也正是这样,它更有威慑力、实战力。

Using speed to get the upper hand is one of the fundamental mechanisms by which to secure victory in modern integrated joint operations. The DF-26 has numerous “fast” features such as fast switch between nuclear and conventional, fast road movement, fast launch preparation, and fast displacement and withdrawal. Those features suit that mechanism for victory. And because of that, the DF-26 has greater deterrence and real-war power.

固体推进,模块设计

Solid Propulsion, Modular Design

东风-26之所以具备诸多“快字当先”“灵活机动”的性能,是因为它大量采用了能予支撑的新科技。

The reason the DF-26 has those “fast” and “flexible mobility” features is due to a lot of new scientific and technological support.

第一是固体推进。液体和固体,是现有的两种导弹推进剂。液体推进剂的生产、储备技术较成熟,多用于战略战役弹道导弹。但液体推进剂腐蚀性强,不适宜长期保存于弹体。因而该类导弹需依托相应阵地在发射前加注,这样它的发射保障相对复杂、准备周期相对较长。虽然固体推进剂的加工生产工艺要求高,但成品可预装于弹体,从而简化发射准备,仅依托简易阵地或不依托阵地就可发射,使技术状态完好的导弹具有较长的战备期。

First is solid propulsion. Liquid and solid are the two forms of missile propellant currently in use. The technology for producing and storing liquid propellant is more mature. Liquid propellant is used more for strategic and campaign ballistic missiles. But liquid propellant is very corrosive, and not suitable for keeping in a missile body for a long time. A liquid propellant missile relies on a site for pre-launch fueling, so a liquid propellant missile requires more complicated support and a longer preparation time. Although the industrial technique of processing and producing solid propellant involves strict demands, the resulting product can be preloaded into a missile body. That simplifies launch preparation, and launch can take place in either a hastily prepared site or with no site at all. That means a missile in good technical condition stays combat ready for longer.

第二是模块设计。东风-26是东风系列导弹的新型衍生品。除适应现代战争需要对弹头载体、推进系统、制导系统等进行了整体优化,还着眼提高可靠性、维修性、保障性等,对导弹结构进行了模块化设计。较突出的就是一个运载体可适配多种战斗部。既包括核常两种弹头,也包括以不同毁伤机理打击特定目标的多种常规弹头。如对机场、港口等面状目标进行毁伤的侵彻弹,对掩体、洞库等坚固目标进行毁伤的穿爆弹,对指挥机构、计算中心等电磁目标进行毁伤的云爆弹等。这样的“一体多弹”,使东风-26能对多种目标实施中远程精确打击。

Second is modular design. The DF-26 is a new derivative of the Dongfeng series of missiles. Apart from overall optimization of the warhead and carrier, the propulsion system, and the guidance system to meet the demands of modern warfare, emphasis was put on improving reliability, maintainability, and supportability, with a modular design of the missile’s structure. Significant is a carrier to which several types of warhead can be fitted, including two types of nuclear warhead and several types of conventional warhead which use different destructive mechanisms to attack specific targets. For example, penetration warheads would be used to damage area type targets such as airfields and ports, piercing and exploding warheads would be used to destroy hardened targets such as bunkers and cave depots, and fuel-air explosive warheads would be used against electromagnetic targets such as command organizations and computer centers. Such a “one carrier, many warheads” design enables the DF-26 to execute long and medium-range precise strikes against many kinds of targets.

以攻助防,应对挑战

Use Offense to Assist Defense, Meet Challenges 

随着反识别、反拦截和高集成等技术发展,战略战役战术导弹的机动性、突防性、精确性普遍提高。通过技术升级和融入一体化联合作战网络信息体系,东风-26的综合战技性能不断提高,堪当“以攻助防、应对挑战”的重器。

With the development of anti-identification, anti-interception, and highly integrated technology, the mobility, the ability to penetrate defenses, and the precision of strategic, campaign, and tactical missiles have all improved. By way of technical upgrades and merging into integrated, joint operations networked information systems, the DF-26’s overall tactical and technical performance has continually improved to where it can be considered a prized possession that “uses offense to assist defense, meets challenges.”

刚刚闭幕的十八届五中全会指出:和平与发展仍是时代主题;中国仍处大有作为的战略机遇期;中国将一如既往致力于世界和平与发展,坚持走和平发展的道路不动摇。但世界上特别是亚太地区的一些“异动”,也确需引起我们高度注意。

The 5th Plenary Session of the 18th Party Central Committee which just concluded pointed out that: peace and development are still the main themes of these times; China remains in an era of strategic opportunity with great prospects; and China will as in the past exert effort on world peace and development and unwaveringly follow the path of peaceful development. But certain “unusual moves” in the world, and in the Asia-Pacific region in particular, merit our close attention.

近年来,随着美国提出“亚太再平衡”和“空海一体战”,不但“有说”还“有做”,这使得域内安全对话和磋商一再被“搅局”。一些国家不顾中国为亚太安全与发展所作的巨大努力和贡献,变着花样、反反复复炒作“中国威胁论”,甚至不顾中国政府和人民强烈反对,蓄意制造了南海“仲裁”和“巡航”等闹剧。这些由“动口”向“动手”的新变化,不仅挑战中国领土和主权安全,还向中国社会输出了“负情绪”。

In recent years, with the “Asia-Pacific rebalancing” and “Air-Sea Integrated Battle” of the United States, not just talk but also action has repeatedly upset dialogue and consultation on the security of the region. Certain countries take no notice of the huge effort and contributions China has put forth for Asia-Pacific security and development. They conjure up tricks, and repeatedly hype “the China threat.” They even ignore the strong opposition by the Chinese Government and people, and deliberately cook up farcical “arbitration” and “cruising” in the South China Sea. Those new changes from talk to action not only challenge the security of China’s territory and sovereignty, they have also exported a “negative mood” to Chinese society.

虽然美国为平衡军种利争、弱化“热战”色彩、降低“对冲”风险、谋取“道义”加分等,对“空海一体战”予以“全球公域介入与机动联合”的包装,但综合信息显示,其“基于热战”“分化地区”“破坏稳定”等原构想和计划并未实质性改变。反而以“维护地区安全与和平”“保证公域航行权不被改变”等为旗号,加紧推进了相应准备。比如,五角大楼正将航母、核潜艇、巡洋舰、驱逐舰、濒海战斗舰等60%的海军兵力调整部署到亚太,整合海基、空基、天基等力量构建“联合打击特遣队”;既用政治胁迫、经济拉拢、外交施压等手段巩固原有军事联盟,还以军援、联演等方式威逼利诱一些国家成为军事联盟准成员。

Although the United States has repackaged “Air-Sea Integrated Battle” as a “Joint Concept for Access and Maneuver in the Global Commons” in order to balance the competing interests of the services, weaken the “hot war” flavor, lower the risk of “clashes,” and seek extra credit for “morality,” the overall message shows that its original concept and plan, “based on hot war,” “split the region,” and “disrupt stability,” is essentially unchanged. On the contrary, it has stepped up relevant preparations under the flag of “protecting regional security and peace” and “ensuring that the communal right of navigation is not changed.” For example, the Pentagon is making adjustments which will have 60% of its naval forces, including aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines, cruisers, destroyers, and coastal warships deployed in the Asia-Pacific region, and bring together sea-based, air-based, and space-based forces as “joint strike task forces.” It is using political coercion, economic enticement, and diplomatic pressure to consolidate its existing military alliances, and it is using military aid and joint exercises as bribes to get certain countries to become quasi-members of a military alliance.

如此“自唱+合唱”“动口+动手”“接触+遏制”“明里+暗里”的招式连环上,又怎能不引起包括中国在内的亚太地区国家和人民对美国所谓“维护地区安全与和平”的口号深表怀疑?

How could that linked style of “solo + chorus,” “talk + action,” “contact + restraint,” “sun + shadow” do anything but elicit deep suspicion among the countries and peoples of the Asia-Pacific region, including China, regarding the so-called U.S. “protection of regional security and peace”?

于是就有分析指出,东风-26的射程是东风-21D的两倍,其打击范围可以延伸到第二岛链,甚至联想到美“空海一体战”构想,给东风-26封了“关岛速递”这一极富想象的别称。这其中,固然有对中国军事能力提升的合理期盼,但中国研制包括东风-26在内的有限进攻性武器,其根本目的还是为了更好地守护和平与发展。因为中国政府和人民深知,“有备”才能“无患”、“能战”方能“止战”。没有符合战争形态演进规律的军事能力,再真诚的和平与发展心愿,再令人看好的和平与发展进程,都极有可能因为不能“止战”而被残酷中断。

So analysts have pointed out that the range of the DF-26 is twice that of the DF-21D, and the scope of its attack can extend to the second island chain. Some have even given the DF-26 the fanciful name of the “Guam Express” in association with the U.S.concept of “Air-Sea Integrated Battle.” In that regard, it is true that the DF-26 prompts a reasonable expectation of a boost in China’s military capability, but the fundamental goal of China’s research and building of limited offensive weapons including the DF-26 remains to better protect peace and development. The Chinese Government and people are deeply aware that if you want to be fee of worry you must be prepared, and you must be capable of waging war if you hope to prevent war. Without military power commensurate with the pattern of the evolving shape of war, no matter how sincere the cherished aspiration for peace and development, no matter how optimistic you are about the course of peace and development, it is extremely likely that those hopes will be cruelly dashed because you cannot stop war.

但“矛”与“盾”、“攻”与“防”总有对立、演变与突破的过程。同任何其他武器一样,东风-26的技术特质决定其在作战使用上也有局限性。比如,不能载弹投弹重复使用,单次使用成本高,打击对象多限于高价值目标;运载、推进、制导、弹头等集成一体,单装造价高,总保有量受限;运行侦、控、打、评“作战链”有赖其他力量提供打击目标和打击效果信息,作战体系的完备度、发射单元的融入度等对打击效果影响较大。尽管如此,一些外国媒体还是以其“改变战争游戏规则”为佐证宣传“中国威胁论”。这其中,虽含“戳到痛处”怕“深扎”的自然表达,但更有“棒杀”不成则“捧杀”的企图。

But “spear” and “shield,” “offense” and “defense,” inevitably have a process that is antithetical, evolving, and iconoclastic. As with any other weapon, the DF-26’s technical features dictate that it will have its limitations in operational use. For example, it cannot be reused after delivering a warhead, its one-time use is expensive, and it can only be used against high value targets; carrier, propulsion, guidance, and warhead are integrated, the cost of building a single item is high, and the total number that can be kept is limited; operating the combat chain of reconnaissance, control, attack, and evaluation relies on other forces to provide information on targets to attack and the effect of those attacks, and the degree of completeness of the combat operations system and the degree of merging of launch elements greatly affect the effectiveness of an attack. Despite that, some elements of the foreign media spread “China threat theory” asserting that the DF-26 “changes the rules of the game in warfare.” Although that is a natural expression of a desire to poke at a sore spot while fearing to stab deep, even more so it is a case of “flogging with a stick” not working and instead attempting to “destroy by heaping excessive praise.”

不过这也提醒我们:作为一支要应对多种安全威胁、完成多样化军事任务的大国军队,既要正视其作战使用的局限性,不以拥有若干这类武器而自满自夸,更要看到其所具实战和威慑的特效性,继续在武器装备建设发展上坚持“敌人怕什么,我们就发展什么”。

But this also reminds us that as the armed forces of a big power country that must cope with many kinds of security threats and accomplish diverse military tasks, we must squarely face the limitations of the operational use of it [the DF-26], and not be complacent and boastful because we have a number of weapons of this type. Even more so we must see its good effects in actual war and in deterrence, and continue to uphold “what the enemy fears is what we develop” in the building of weapons and equipment.

RELATED DOCUMENTATION:

Andrew S. Erickson, “Global Times Claims Chinese Conventional Ballistic Missile with 4,000 km Range (Sufficient to Strike Guam) ‘Ready for Service’ by 2015 & DF-21D is ‘Already Deployed in the Army’,” China Analysis from Original Sources 以第一手资料研究中国, 18 February 2011.

Song Shengxia; Zhang Han and Huang Jingjing, “New Missile ‘Ready by 2015’: Global Times,” People’s Daily Online, 18 February 2011.

Global Times (环球时报, Huanqiu Shibao) is not an official newspaper. Published on weekdays, it focuses on international issues and foreign reaction to developments in China. But it is sponsored by and produced under the auspices of People’s Daily (人民日报, Renmin Ribao), the official daily newspaper of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee. Full text of article follows:

The Chinese army is researching a new type of conventional missile that is set to be weaponized and entered into active service within five years, military sources have revealed.

China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC), the nation’s largest missile weaponry manufacturer, is set “to complete research, production and delivery of this new generation of missile by 2015,” the China News Service reported Thursday.

The new missile would be part of a network forming a solid defense system allowing for total coverage in both defense and attack, and capable of dealing with various threats from land, sea, air, space as well as cybernetic attacks, according to the report.

The report, however, did not provide any further details of the new missile.

A military source close to the development, speaking on condition of anonymity, confirmed to the Global Times yesterday that “The subject under development is a medium- and long-range conventional missile with a traveling distance of as far as 4,000 kilometers.”

“The research is going smoothly, and the missile will be produced and ready for service in five years,” he said, noting that the project would also entail a three-year evaluation period.

“It extends the range of China’s missiles and will therefore greatly enhance the national defense capabilities,” the source said.

The source also unveiled that “the Chinese-made Dong Feng 21D missile, with firing range between 1800 and 2800 kilometers, is already deployed in the army.”

Foreign media have also speculated that the Dong Feng 21D is a “carrier killer” and would prove to be a game-changer in the Asian security environment, where US Navy aircraft carrier battle groups have ruled the waves since the end of World War II, the AP reported.

China debuted its first stealth fighter jet, the J-20, in January, in a test flight that coincided with a visit to Beijing by US Defense Secretary Robert Gates.

Following the successful test flight, speculations and assessments of Beijing’s military advancement echoed around the world.

By Zhang Han and Huang Jingjing, Global Times

The Pentagon this week formally rolled out a record base budget for fiscal year 2012 of $553 billion, up $22 billion from the level enacted for 2010. However, additional overseas war funding is down by $41.5 billion.

This led Gates to counter-attack, warning Congress on Wednesday against making deeper spending cuts than those already proposed, telling lawmakers that the US faces threats ranging from militants to states “developing new capabilities that target our traditional strengths,” citing Iran, North Korea, as well as China, Reuters reported.

Li Daguang, a military expert at the People’s Liberation Army National Defense University, told the Global Times that Thursday’s revelation speaks volumes about the significant progress China had made in the field of missile technology as well as proving the country’s commitments to transparency in military affairs.

“But the real combat capabilities of the missile in complicated situations remains to be tested. There is still a huge gap between China and Western countries with regard to advanced weaponry development,” he said, adding that China should always remain prudent and rational when presenting its military progress.

Wang Yanan, an associate editor-in-chief at Aerospace Knowledge magazine, told the Global Times that some seem to favor wild speculation where the Chinese military is concerned.

“US wariness doesn’t suggest its inability to develop advanced missiles. The US is still a leader in this aspect as it possesses the most cutting-edge missile technologies,” Wang said.

Song Shengxia contributed to this story

***

The Global Times assertion that China is developing a 4,000 km-range conventional ballistic missile seems to fit with the brief reference to Chinese development of intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs, which have ranges of 3,000–5,500 km/1,865–3,420 miles, per the U.S. Missile Defense Agency definition) in the latest Department of Defense Report on Chinese military development:

As detailed elsewhere in this report, China’s ballistic missile force is acquiring conventional medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic missiles that extend the distance at which it can threaten other countries with conventional precision or near-precision strikes.”

Office of the Secretary of Defense, Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2010, Annual Report to Congress (Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 16 August 2010), 33.

LINKS TO RELATED RESEARCH

BROADER STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL CONTEXT:

Timothy Heath and Andrew S. Erickson, “China’s Turn Toward Regional Restructuring, Counter-Intervention: A Review of Authoritative Sources,” Jamestown China Brief 15.22 (16 November 2015): 3-8.

Timothy Heath and Andrew S. Erickson, “Is China Pursuing Counter-Intervention?The Washington Quarterly 38.3 (fall 2015): 143-56.

Andrew S. Erickson, “Dreaming Big, Acting Big: Xi’s Impact on China’s Military Development,” Asan Forum 3.5 (September-October 2015).

FURTHER ANALYSIS OF DF-26:

Andrew S. Erickson, “China’s DF-21D Anti-Ship Ballistic Missile (ASBM)—Officially Revealed at 3 September Parade—Complete Open Source Research Compendium,” China Analysis from Original Sources 以第一手资料研究中国 10 September 2015.

Andrew S. Erickson,Showtime: China Reveals Two ‘Carrier-Killer’ Missiles,” The National Interest, 3 September 2015.

Andrew S. Erickson, “Missile March: China Parade Projects Patriotism at Home, Aims for Awe Abroad,” China Real Time Report (中国实时报), Wall Street Journal, 3 September 2015.

ANTI-SHIP BALLISTIC MISSILE (ASBM), SPECIFICALLY DF-21D:

Andrew S. EricksonHow China Got There First: Beijing’s Unique Path to ASBM Development and Deployment,” Jamestown Foundation China Brief 13.12 (7 June 2013).

Andrew S. Erickson, Chinese Anti-Ship Ballistic Missile Development: Drivers, Trajectories, and Strategic Implications, Jamestown Occasional Paper (Washington, DC: Jamestown Foundation, May 2013).

Andrew S. Erickson, “China Channels Billy Mitchell: Anti-Ship Ballistic Missile Alters Region’s Military Geography,” Jamestown Foundation China Brief 13.5 (4 March 2013).

Andrew S. Erickson and Gabriel B. Collins, “China Deploys World’s First Long-Range, Land-Based ‘Carrier Killer’: DF-21D Anti-Ship Ballistic Missile (ASBM) Reaches ‘Initial Operational Capability’ (IOC),” China SignPost™ (洞察中国), No. 14 (26 December 2010).

Andrew S. Erickson, “Take China’s ASBM Potential Seriously,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 136.2 (February 2010), 8.

Andrew S. Erickson, “Ballistic Trajectory—China Develops New Anti-Ship Missile,” China Watch, Jane’s Intelligence Review 22 (4 January 2010): 2-4.

Andrew S. Erickson and David D. Yang, “Using the Land to Control the Sea? Chinese Analysts Consider the Anti-Ship Ballistic Missile,” Naval War College Review 62.4 (Autumn 2009): 53-86.

Andrew S. Erickson, “Chinese ASBM Development: Knowns and Unknowns,” Jamestown China Brief 9.13 (24 June 2009): 4-8.

Andrew S. Erickson and David D. Yang, “On the Verge of a Game-Changer,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, 135.3 (May 2009): 26-32.

Andrew S. Erickson, “China’s Anti-Ship Ballistic Missile (ASBM) Reaches Equivalent of ‘Initial Operational Capability’ (IOC)—Where It’s Going and What it Means,” China Analysis from Original Sources 以第一手资料研究中国, 12 July 2011.

Andrew S. Erickson, “China Testing Anti-Ship Ballistic Missile (ASBM); U.S. Preparing Accordingly–Now Updated With Additional Sources,” China Analysis from Original Sources 以第一手资料研究中国, 25 December 2010. 

Andrew S. Erickson, A Statement Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, “PLA Modernization in Traditional Warfare Capabilities” panel, “China’s Military Modernization and its Impact on the United States and the Asia-Pacific” hearing, Washington, DC, 29 March 2007, 72-78; published in 2007 Report to Congress of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 110th Congress, 1stSession, November 2007, 91.

OTHER BALLISTIC MISSILES:

Andrew S. Erickson and Michael S. Chase, “China’s Strategic Rocket Force: Upgrading Hardware and Software (Part 2 of 2),” Jamestown China Brief 14.14 (17 July 2014).

Andrew S. Erickson and Michael S. Chase, “China’s Strategic Rocket Force: Sharpening the Sword (Part 1 of 2),” Jamestown China Brief 14.13 (3 July 2014).

Andrew S. Erickson and Michael S. Chase, “China Goes Ballistic,” The National Interest131 (May-June 2014): 58-64.

Michael S. Chase and Andrew S. Erickson, “A Competitive Strategy with Chinese Characteristics? The Second Artillery’s Growing Conventional Forces and Missions,” in Thomas Mahnken, ed., Competitive Strategies for the 21st Century: Theory, History, and Practice (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012), 206-18.

Andrew Erickson and Gabriel B. Collins, “China’s Ballistic Missiles: A Force to be Reckoned With,” China Real Time Report (中国事实报), Wall Street Journal, 24 August 2012.

Michael S. Chase and Andrew S. Erickson, “The Conventional Missile Capabilities of China’s Second Artillery Force: Cornerstone of Deterrence and Warfighting,” Asian Security, 8.2 (Summer 2012): 115-37.

Christopher T. Yeaw, Andrew S. Erickson, and Michael S. Chase, “The Future of Chinese Nuclear Policy and Strategy,” in Toshi Yoshihara and James Holmes, eds.,Strategy in the Second Nuclear Age: Power, Ambition, and the Ultimate Weapon(Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2012), 53-80.

Andrew S. Erickson and Michael S. Chase, “China’s SSBN Force: Transitioning to the Next Generation,” Jamestown China Brief, Vol. 9, No. 12 (10 June 2009).

Andrew S. Erickson and Michael S. Chase, “An Undersea Deterrent? China’s Emerging SSBN Force,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 135, No. 4 (June 2009), pp. 36-41.

Michael S. Chase, Andrew S. Erickson, and Christopher T. Yeaw, “The Future of Chinese Deterrence Strategy,” Jamestown China Brief, Vol. 9, No. 5 (4 March 2009), pp. 6-9.

Michael S. Chase, Andrew S. Erickson, and Christopher T. Yeaw, “Chinese Theater and Strategic Missile Force Modernization and its Implications for the United States,” Journal of Strategic Studies 32.1 (February 2009): 67-114.

CRUISE MISSILES:

Andrew S. Erickson, Personal summary of discussion at “China’s Naval Shipbuilding: Progress and Challenges,” conference held by China Maritime Studies Institute at U.S. Naval War College, Newport, RI, 19-20 May 2015.

Dennis M. Gormley, Andrew S. Erickson, and Jingdong Yuan, “A Potent Vector: Assessing Chinese Cruise Missile Developments,” Joint Force Quarterly 75 (4thQuarter/30 September 2014): 98-105.

Dennis M. Gormley, Andrew S. Erickson, and Jingdong Yuan, A Low-Visibility Force Multiplier: Assessing China’s Cruise Missile Ambitions (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 2014).

Dennis GormleyAndrew S. Erickson, and Jingdong Yuan, “China’s Cruise Missiles: Flying Fast Under the Public’s Radar,” The National Interest (12 May 2014).