China SignPost™ “Greatest Hits” #6: Mining & Minerals
Andrew Erickson and Gabe Collins, “China SignPost™ ‘Greatest Hits’ #6: Mining & Minerals,” China SignPost™ (洞察中国) 78 (23 December 2013).
China SignPost™ 洞察中国–“Clear, high-impact China analysis.”©
China’s rise as a top global mineral consumer and producer creates three key dynamics that we believe investors and policymakers should follow closely.
First, the pursuit of minerals is bringing Chinese miners and energy producers into complex and sometimes dangerous parts of the world. In these zones, the growing presence of Chinese workers on the ground and rising Chinese interests in a secure flow of minerals to be either shipped back to China or traded on the global market increasingly makes Chinese national strategic interests overlap with those of the U.S. in such places as Central Asia and the Middle East.
- Gabriel B. Collins and Andrew S. Erickson, “China’s Economic & Strategic Interests in CENTCOM’s Area of Responsibility: Assessment and Policy Recommendations,” China SignPost™ (洞察中国) 28 (9 March 2011).
Second, China’s mineral leverage is rising. It is the top global producer of strategic rare earth metals. Despite global consumers’ attempts to diversify supply sources over the past several years, Chinese suppliers remain the dominant players, particularly in the area of processing rare earth ores into actual usable materials.
- Gabriel B. Collins and Andrew S. Erickson, “Gray Gold: China’s Rare Earth Power Play, Impacts, and Suggested Consumer Responses,” China SignPost™(洞察中国) 5 (3 November 2010).
Third, China’s mining and mineral activities are major wealth generators domestically and abroad. Yet becoming tightly levered to a single country that underpins global metals markets in particular has proved costly for many multinational miners, who have had to scramble to reduce investment budgets and find alternative customers such as India because China’s demand for certain base metals has slowed.
- Gabriel B. Collins and Andrew S. Erickson, “Elephant in the Room? Are Mining Companies on Target As They Look to India to Help Compensate for China’s Lost Commodity Demand Growth?” China SignPost™ (洞察中国) 69 (23 December 2012).
On the bullish side, rising mineral demand has created fabulous wealth domestically in China’s coal belt (Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) and this wealth creation engine appears poised to spread to Xinjiang as well in coming years.
- Gabriel B. Collins and Andrew S. Erickson, “Kings of Coal to Barons of Bling? Xinjiang’s Coal Boom Will Drive Sales of Bentleys, BMWs, and Other ‘Bling’,” China SignPost™ (洞察中国) 66 (21 September 2012).
Finally, the past few years have seen Chinese firms become true market movers in key global commodity markets not just as consumers, but also as investors. For instance, potash—a mineral badly needed by Chinese farmers—has in the span of less than 10 years gone from being a salt like compound few people outside the mining and farming communities followed, to becoming a quasi-strategic food security item of broad concern.
Indeed, we estimate that in China, each 10 kilos of pork consumed requires 1 kilo of potash to produce, since Chinese pigs are increasingly fed with potash-hungry corn and soybeans. Similarly, every 44kg of rice eaten in China likely requires 1 kg of potash to grow, with application intensity likely to rise in the year to come as China runs short of arable land and seeks to produce more grain in a relatively constrained physical space.
- Gabriel B. Collins, “Salt of the Earth: BHP Billiton’s Bid for Potash Corp Likely to Drive Chinese Potash Investment in Belarus, Russia, and Africa,” China Signpost (洞察中国)™ 3 (18 September 2010).
This and other China Signpost research is in high and growing demand from some of the world’s most sophisticated and exacting consumers of China analysis. As we enter 2014, mining and minerals will remain one of our key areas of focus. China is a big part of that story, and we’ll make sure to keep you posted on key developments and their likely investment impacts.
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Gabriel B. Collins and Andrew S. Erickson, “How Obama and Xi Can Avoid California Dreaming,” China Real Time Report (中国实时报), Wall Street Journal, 7 June 2013.
President Barack Obama’s upcoming summit with President Xi Jinping at the Sunnylands estate in Palm Springs, Calif., comes at a crossroads for U.S.-China relations. There are of course the usual frictions. China’s relations with its maritime neighbors such as Vietnam and Japan remain fraught with tension. Hacking, industrial espionage, and Chinese hunger for U.S. pork farms all crowd the headlines.
But this meeting of the highest-profile world leaders is about more than that. This crossroads is one that is very real, and no one is quite sure where the paths emanating from it will lead. Whatever course Sino-American relations take from here, it must be grounded in reality or risk perilous drop-offs and dead ends.
China’s slowing economic growth, the U.S. shale gas and oil boom, and emerging resurrection of U.S. manufacturing and industrial activity point to a new and uncertain world. China’s leaders rode a wave of economically driven hubris following the severe U.S. recession in 2008 and uneven recovery, but the tailwinds are fading and China’s central and local leaders alike will face tough decisions as they seek to keep the country stable and the Communist Party relevant. Beijing’s repeated rollouts of modern new military hardware in recent years signal significant increases in China’s hard power. At the same time, ballooning local debt, pollution, chronic diseases and other challenges threaten to curtail growth significantly decades before China can build comprehensive national power commensurate with its aspirations and rhetoric.
The U.S. also faces huge national challenges that will require long-term vision and skillful leadership. Foremost among them: An increasingly bitter political climate driven by divergent philosophies of governance has stalled Washington’s ability to set government spending on a sustainable path. This economic and political turbulence generates daily problems, like the myriad pains resulting from the ongoing federal budget sequester and its cuts to government spending—ranging from Head Start programs to public defenders to support for front-line military forces.
The potential long-terms effects are more sobering, as the now-five-year bout of post-recession instability is helping to establish a more risk-averse mentality within a broad cross-section of American society. If workers, leaders and executives continue battening down the hatches, they risk sapping a major engine of U.S. growth and dynamism. In short, the U.S. has the tools at its disposal to revive economic growth and resume dynamic change. That said, applying the tools will be difficult and the challenges of balancing the actions needed for domestic revival with the imperative of safeguarding overseas interests in a complex world are substantial. The U.S.-China relationship will play a key — if underappreciated — role in this unfolding saga, as both nations rely on each other economically and are increasingly interdependent in other ways.
China and the U.S. face substantial challenges and opportunities in their relationship. One meeting cannot magically surmount these issues. Therefore, Presidents Obama and Xi cannot afford to engage in California dreaming and ignore the fundamental differences in political systems and national interests that complicate their bilateral relationship. No amount of personal rapport, or even friendship, could hope to solve that.
Instead—even if only tacitly—they should recognize that even if the discussions are not all sunny at Sunnylands, frank, substantive dialogue would still represent a positive outcome. Both Washington and Beijing need to appraise honestly where engagement is presently feasible, where progress is achievable politically, and where cooperation remains difficult if not impossible for the foreseeable future. These broader dynamics, even if implicit, must inform their specific efforts. Both Obama and Xi face significant real world political constraints and must tap reservoirs of political courage to begin realizing the potential of their relationship.
At present, many vital U.S.-China diplomatic discussions—the Strategic and Economic Dialogue, for instance—focus on technocratic agendas that are inadequately informed by a larger vision. These issues are vitally important, but they cannot by themselves replace direct communications between top leaders aimed at setting a realistic agenda for a comprehensive relationship. Such a leadership-informed agenda can’t transcend fundamental problems, but it can certainly help prevent inconsistency and inattention from making existing problems even worse. And in the present context of Sino-American relations, that in itself would represent a victory of sorts.
Working events such as Sunnylands thus offer the chance for the top leaders to build interpersonal relationships that function as the connective tissue linking the efforts of the special working groups into a more powerful whole. If Presidents Obama and Xi use the Sunnylands summit to begin a real dialogue that creates space over time for circumventing and managing core friction points, it will be a true success.
In this spirit, there are three core points for the two to grapple with at Sunnylands. Each helps define the context of a bilateral relationship whose impact reverberates globally.
- “Selective power status” won’t work anymore. China has become sufficiently powerful that the U.S. is unwilling to facilitate Chinese efforts to “have it both ways” by posing as a poor developing country or an established superpower when convenient. U.S. willingness to accord China international status lies not in its internal development (a task for all nations, including the U.S.) or bilateral negotiations (many of which the U.S. is not a party to) but to the public goods it provides. China’s Gulf of Aden antipiracy missions represent a positive step forward, and have rightly received approbation from the U.S. and many other nations. Any concrete plans for further steps in this direction that Xi might communicate to Obama could have a similarly positive effect.
- Real reciprocity is essential. The quality of Sino-American relations will be determined by the opportunity for reciprocity in key areas. The key is that each side not be actively prevented by the other from pursuing activities when the other side is legally free to do the same; how and whether to act is their choice. For example, China continues to restrict American firms’ market access with high protective barriers. Opposition to Cnooc Ltd.’s bid to purchase Unocal should be viewed in the larger context: no American firms would even be considered for equivalent opportunities in China. Market access should be emphasized over “currency manipulation,” which is a far more complex issue. As Abenomics suggests, a key U.S. ally like Japan can engage in even more dramatic exchange-rate adjustments. And U.S. quantitative easing policies themselves have been widely criticized abroad for deflating the value of the U.S. dollar. Rather than issuing similar nonspecific complaints annually about the Pentagon’s PLA report, Beijing is free to issue its own report on the U.S. military, as it already does concerning U.S. human rights. More positively, Chinese acknowledgement at the 2013 Shangri-La Dialogue of its conducting military surveillance in America’s undisputed exclusive economic zone may presage reduced opposition to similar activities in China’s own EEZ as China rises as a maritime power with access interests of its own.
- Strategic adjustment is a two-way street. Over time, Washington and Beijing may need to make strategic arrangements and adjustments vis-à-vis each other. But China cannot simply emphasize what the U.S. should offer while declining to specify what China might offer in return. The U.S. would be ill-advised to repeat its 2009 Joint Statement mistake of accepting vague rhetoric to help with problems of international concern, e.g., vis-à-vis North Korea and Iran, in return for U.S. “acknowledgement” of “core” Chinese national interests. To paraphrase Mark Twain, reports of American decline are greatly exaggerated. Given the likelihood of China’s economic and overall growth slowing in coming years and of enduring U.S. power, Washington should not be pressured into hasty “concessions.”
With these points in mind, far from the klieg lights of either capital’s domestic politics, President Xi will need to explain concretely to President Obama his vision for a “new type of great power relations.” If the concept truly entails meaningful reciprocity with tangible applications, then there should be plenty of room for U.S. attention. If, however, this concept proves to be nebulous rhetoric with undertones of expectation that Washington yield to an ascendant Beijing and its principled positions, it will be a bridge to nowhere. Any idea that is truly worthwhile should be readily forthcoming and understandable.
The grave internal challenges China and the U.S. face and the tough webs of issues Beijing and Washington must confront when dealing with each other mean that the time for California dreaming is over. Presidents Obama and Xi have the opportunity to set a new tone and attack the “real” issues when they meet later this week. Let us all hope they choose the bold path of facing reality over politics of mutual delusion.
About Us
China Signpost™ 洞察中国–“Clear, high-impact China analysis.”©
China SignPost™ aims to provide high-quality China analysis and policy recommendations in a concise, accessible form for people whose lives are being affected profoundly by China’s political, economic, and security development. We believe that by presenting practical, apolitical China insights we can help citizens around the world form holistic views that are based on facts, rather than political rhetoric driven by vested interests. We aim to foster better understanding of key Chinese developments, with particular focus on natural resource, technology, industry, and trade issues.
China SignPost™ 洞察中国 founders Dr. Andrew Erickson and Mr. Gabe Collins have more than a decade of combined government, academic, and private sector experience in Mandarin Chinese language-based research and analysis of China. Dr. Erickson is an Associate Professor at the U.S. Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute (CMSI) and an Associate in Research at Harvard’s John King Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies. Mr. Collins is a J.D. candidate at the University of Michigan Law School. His research focuses on commodity, security, and rule of law issues in China, Russia, and Latin America.
The positions expressed here are the authors’ personal views. They do not represent the policies or estimates of the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Government, or any other organization. The authors have published widely on maritime, energy, and security issues relevant to China. An archive of their work is available at www.chinasignpost.com.